TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: Among these, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways, the axon guidance pathway, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway are reported to simultaneously play experimentally documented roles in the development of atherosclerosis.