By incorporating data from these trials and standardising outcome definitions, the current updated meta-analysis shows that in the studied patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure (in whom chronic kidney disease was common), SGLT2 inhibitors safely reduced the risk of kidney disease progression by 37% (relative risk 0·63, 95% CI 0·58–0·69) and of acute kidney injury by 23% (0·77, 0·70–0·84), compared with placebo, with similar reductions in patients with and without diabetes. Here, SLC5A2 is linked to acute kidney injury.