INS and Hyperkalemia: Authors recommend different treatments, often in combination, including intravenous isotonic crystalloid fluid therapy (IVF); medications, including insulin with dextrose, sodium bicarbonate and adrenergic receptor agonists; and, ultimately, relief of the UO.2,3 A PubMed search on 3 July 2022 for ‘feline hyperkalemia veterinary’ revealed no primary literature addressing treatment strategies for hyperkalemia or their potential adverse effects in cats with naturally occurring UO.