PTPN11 and cancer: PTPN11 contains E3 nucleotide sites that can undergo somatic missense mutations causing sporadic cancers in the general population (such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and others [Forbes et al., 2017; Kratz et al., 2007; Mohi & Neel, 2007; Tartaglia et al., 2003]).