In vivo/vitro mouse studies on the role of NS1 variants leading to heart conditions and hydrocephalus have examined pathways downstream of RAS/MAPK responsible for the pathogenic effects in the NS1 target tissues and showed variation depending on the tissue and the specific NS1 variant (Araki et al., 2004; Krenz et al., 2008; Zheng et al., 2018). The gene discussed is PTPN11; the disease is Hydrocephalus.