TNF and diabetic retinopathy: One of the ophthalmological pathologies in which vitamin D plays an important role is diabetic retinopathy, both through its effects on the immune system (reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines - IL-1, IL-6, IL-012, TNF alpha, and stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10), as well as by reducing the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thus inhibiting retinal neovascularization.