INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although IR is characteristic of T2DM patients and at-risk individuals,there is evidence of β-cell dysfunction and related disorders of insulinsecretion, including the first phase of secretion in response to intravenousglucose infusion, impaired physiological pulsatile secretion of insulin,increased secretion of proinsulin, which indicates impaired insulin processing,and the accumulation of amyloid in pancreatic islets (which is normallysecreted together with insulin).