Considering that Akt-mediated β-catenin S552 phosphorylation and nuclear β-catenin enhanced PD-L1 expression in human glioblastoma [31], we wondered whether Akt-dependent phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin participated in spermine-mediated PD-L1 expression in HCC. Here, AKT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.