CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted accelerated approval for the combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibody) for second-line systemic treatment in patients with advanced HCC; however, nivolumab alone has been proven to treat advanced HCC in Taiwan based on early phase trials [11, 13, 14].