TNF and neoplasm: In S180 tumor-bearing mice, both ethanol and aqueous extracts of S. lyratum could improve immune function and exhibited anti-cancer potential with certain tumor inhibitory effect by improving the activities of natural killer (NK) and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cells, and elevating the contents of serum Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [77, 78, 80].