In the context of AKI, early preliminary studies using a small number of patients (n = 80–120) have shown the feasibility of using urinary peptidome analysis to predict the development of AKI, outperforming NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) [23, 24]. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and acute kidney injury.