ACTA1 and chronic kidney disease: When compared to the normal group, fibrotic genes (TGF-β1, Wnt7a, β-catenin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and α-SMA), and inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly up-regulated, while antioxidant genes (Nrf2 and HO-1) were significantly down-regulated in kidney tissues of adenine (CKD) group (p < 0.05).