Interestingly, a recent study with 54 schizophrenia patients found only an increased level of IL-17 in DS patients, but no differences in IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were observed (18). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and schizophrenia.