TNF and COVID-19: Increased levels of a wide range of cytokines [e.g., interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-ε, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 10 kD interferon-gamma-induced protein (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP 1-α) and TNFα] as well as anti-cytokine autoantibodies have been identified in hospitalized/severe COVID-19 patients (68).