IL-4-stimulated EGFR transactivation helps suppress M2 polarization in macrophages, and TAMs in patients with advanced GC have low epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, which may be related to the resistance to EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy (104).Tumor-associated neutrophils activate AKT and p38 pathways in MSCs by secreting inflammatory molecules, such as IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α, inducing their transformation into fibroblasts, and promoting the development of gastric cancer (105). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.