In parallel with IFN-β, -λ1, and -λ2 release, the expression of viperin, Mx, and OAS was strongly induced by RV 16 at 48 h after RV16 infection in both groups of epithelial cells whereas their expression reached the peak at 24 h after treatment with poly(I: C) (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figures 4, 5). Here, MX1 is linked to infection.