RSAD2 and congenital rubella syndrome: We previously reported decreased expression levels of IFN-β, -λ1, and -λ2, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) including viperin, Myxovirus resistance (Mx), and oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) in CRS, suggesting that they may contribute to deficient antiviral innate responses in CRS (18).