In the setting of cardiac disease including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiac surgeries, increased risk of AKD was associated with age, female sex, AKI stage, diabetes, baseline CKD, hemoglobin, albumin, BNP, inotrope use, and outpatient loop diuretic use (17, 41, 43, 47). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and diabetes mellitus.