HPSE and neoplasm: HPSE1 accomplishes this by cleaving heparan sulfate and thereby regulating the bioavailability of heparin-binding proteins, stimulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), resolving the tumor–host crosstalk, and inducing the activation of various genes, signaling pathways, and the assembly of exosomes and autophagy (Vlodavsky et al., 2018).