MMP9 and epilepsy: MMP-9 upregulation correlates remarkably with disruption of the PNN in an overwhelming number of studies on epilepsy (McRae and Porter, 2012; Kim et al., 2016, 2017; Tewari et al., 2018; Chaunsali et al., 2021), TBI and stroke (Kim et al., 2017), glioblastoma (Tewari et al., 2018; Hatcher et al., 2020), neurodegenerative (Kamat et al., 2014; Brkic et al., 2015) and neuropsychiatric diseases, and blocking MMP-9 activity generally prevents PNN disruption and improves the disease pathologies (Testa et al., 2019).