DDIT3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: With ERS markers such as glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12 were reduced in the COPD rat model that was established by passive smoke exposure and lipopolysaccharide irritation, pulmonary artery endothelial cell apoptosis was decreased (Ding et al., 2018).