APOBEC1 and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: In addition, APOBEC1 can not only enhance genomic variation by introducing intraframe genomic insertions and deletions into normal pluripotent cells, leading to cancer (Niavarani et al., 2018), but our study also found that the APOBEC1 gene itself can have amplification mutations within the PAAD tissue; this will lead to increased expression of APOBEC1, resulting in pancreatic adenocarcinoma being more invasive and may be another important factor leading to poor prognosis in PAAD patients.