Seizure-induced stress on neurons enhances accumulation of mitochondrial Ca2+, which can not only further stimulate overproduction of ROS, but also facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, triggering caspase-3-dependent neural apoptosis (Fricker et al., 2018; Ge and Wang, 2020). Here, CASP3 is linked to Seizure.