CSF3 and Encephalopathy: G-CSF production was recently demonstrated to play a central role in Muse cells to protect neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated encephalopathy, a condition in which verotoxins cause severe inflammation, destroy the BBB and induce brain edema and extensive apoptosis, finally converging onto brain tissue damage and gliosis (Ozuru et al., 2020).