In one of the clinical trials using UCBMSC-EV in chronic kidney disease, it was demonstrated that administration of UCBMSC-EV was safe and the treatment improved the inflammatory immune response and overall renal function in patients with grade III-IV CKD, as evidenced by significant improvements in eGFR, Scr, Bun and UACR, increases in plasma TGF-β1 and IL-10, and decreases in TNF-α plasma levels in these patients (133). Here, TNF is linked to chronic kidney disease.