IL10 and schistosomiasis: In human schistosomiasis, S. mansoni and S. haematobium up-regulate IL-1ra, IL-10, and TNF-α, whereas S. japonicum induces the up-regulation of several cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, and TNF-α (He et al., 2002; Winkel et al., 2018).