Similarly, S. mansoni schistosomula tegument Sm29 antigen triggers TLR4-MyD88 pathway to induce the production of IL-12 and TNF-α in DCs (Figure 1A) leading to Th1 immune responses in murine schistosomiasis (Thomas et al., 2003; Durães et al., 2009). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is schistosomiasis.