TGFB1 and cancer: Moreover, some CAFs activation following radiation led to altered growth factor secretion and release of numerous modulators of the ECM and cytokines, including TGF-β, which is a complex and pleiotropic cytokine that directly affects tumor cells and CAFs, driving HIF-1 signaling, reducing the activation of T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs), remolding the tumor microenvironment, and resulting in the progression of cancer (17).