The immunosuppressive axis driven by CAFs in a CXCL12-CXCR4-dependent manner is also targeted by the CXCR4 antagonist motixafortide (BL-8040) in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies in phase II clinical trial for patients with pancreatic cancer (NCT02826486). Here, PDCD1 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.