In parallel, in melanoma, our group recently provided evidence that hypoxia increases CAFs TGFβ, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, and PD-L1 expression and/or secretion and demonstrates that hypoxic CAF exerts a more profound effect on T cell-mediated cytotoxicity than their normoxic counterpart [178]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is melanoma.