TNF and Sepsis: Sun et al. (2021) showed that APS inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner to reverse sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Dong et al. (2019b) demonstrated that APS reduced the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-17 in diarrheic mice.