AKT1 and cancer: It has been demonstrated that cancer cell-derived EVs can significantly increase cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the autocrine pathway, and the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and JNK-1/2 pathways have been closely interrelated with EVs function in the tumor site (Sento, et al., 2016; Ono, et al., 2020).