Additionally, EGR1 was shown to activate transcription of p21Waf1/Cip1, a gene involved in DNA damage response, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, independently of p53 in response to curcumin treatment in human astrocytoma cells (Choi et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene EGR1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).