Some authors have evaluated the protection conferred by exposure of D. melanogaster to an avirulent Escherichia coli against subsequent infection in a short period of time; interestingly, protection on both occasions is driven by the presence of AMPs from the Imd signaling pathway in fly hemolymph prior to challenge (Apidianakis et al., 2005; Aymeric et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene ADSL and infection.