GDF15 and atrial fibrillation: In multivariable logistic regression models (Model 2), increased plasma levels of TIMP-4 (OR 1.58; CI95% 1.15–2.18; p = 0.005), ST-2 (OR 1.42; CI95% 1.06–1.91; p = 0.020), and GDF-15 (OR 1.40; CI95% 1.01–1.94; p = 0.046) were associated with prevalent AF (Table 2).