investigated the CDO1 gene expression levels and their associations with systemic metabolic profiles in a large Caucasian population comprising of 4 independent cohorts (N Cohort 1 = 299; N Cohort 2 = 150; N Cohort 3 = 65; and N Cohort 4 = 30 individuals) with varying obesity levels (Body mass index/BMI Cohorts1–3 = 20–68 kg/m2; BMI Cohort 4 >35 kg/m2).10 This evidence concerns the gene CDO1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.