To further explore the hypothesis of HLA-KIR haplotype mismatch-independent CAR activity of CAR.CD123-NK cells, we then challenged them with CAR.CD123-NK cells derived from 3 randomly chosen HDs against leukaemic blasts from a single AML patient (AML#2, Fig. 3C–D and Additional file 1: Fig. S5). This evidence concerns the gene IL3RA and acute myeloid leukemia.