In the current study, we aimed to: (i) discover novel lipid species associated with incident T2D by performing an untargeted lipidomic analysis in a nested case–control study within a prospective population-based cohort; (ii) evaluate the improvement of prediction for incident T2D provided by the identified lipid species; and (iii) investigate the effect of the identified lipid species on insulin secretion. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.