Indicators that were statistically significant in the univariate Cox regression analysis were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis model, and the results of the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that anemia, Alb < 30 g/L, use of diuretics, and occurrence of AKI were independent risk factors for death in patients treated with ICIs (P < 0.05) (Table 5) (Fig. 4); BMI, use of ACEIs/ARBs, use of chemotherapeutic agents, and other types of tumors were protective factors for death in patients treated with ICIs (P < 0.05) (Table 5) (Fig. 4). This evidence concerns the gene ALB and anemia.