INS and fatty liver disease: Consistent with improved glucose homeostasis, B. longum_MG723 and B. bifidum_MG731 treatment significantly improved endocrine and metabolic profiles, including blood insulin, cholesterol, and leptin (Fig. 4g–i), whereas B. longum_Rosell175 treatment did not exhibit any changes in those parameters (Supplementary Fig. 9c), indicating that oral treatment of B. longum_MG723 and B. bifidum_MG731 improved hepatic steatosis as well as glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters.