miR-383 is mainly localized to spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in early spermatogenesis, and its expression has been reported to be down-regulated in the testes of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (53), it has also been reported that miR-383 is associated with spermatogenesis as its targets a tumor suppressor, interferon regulatory factor-1 (54). Here, IRF1 is linked to neoplasm.