SPP1 and non-alcoholic fatty liver: Figure 3 shows that all hub genes exhibited the same variation tendency in GSE126848 as in RRA results. GPNMB, SPP1, VCAN, COL1A1, COL1A2, LUM, FAP, and FBLN5 were significantly upregulated, while MT1M was the only downregulated hub gene in NASH compared with NAFL. We also verified the expression levels of these genes between healthy and NAFL groups (GSE48452, GSE89632, and GSE66676) (Supplementary Figure 2).