M1 is the predominant phenotype at the site of diabetic kidney injury, which mediates the initiation phase of inflammation, tissue damage, and renal fibrosis through proinflammation cytokines that include TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (100, 101). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and renal fibrosis.