LIF and cervical carcinoma: While HPV promotes cervical cancer via oncogenic transformation (Baedyananda et al., 2022), Ct may promote cervical cancer and ovarian cancer via aberrant LIF signaling, which has been shown to regulate multiple hallmarks of cancer, including proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance (Jones and Jenkins, 2018; Jorgensen and de la Puente, 2022).