TNF and Wilson disease: To investigate if Epac1 and/or Epac2 mediate the cascade of inflammatory events in the WAT triggered by WD, we conducted RT-PCR to analyze a range of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, PAI-1, TGF-β), macrophage infiltration (MCP-1, F4/80), and oxidative stress (STAMP2, NAPDHox) markers in RD and WD-fed mice.