ERN1 and fetal growth restriction: The present study revealed that IUGR caused the upregulation of ER stress indicators (GRP78, CHOP, and c-Casp12) and the activation of UPR sensors (IRE1a, PERK, and ATF6), and altered the expression of the proteins responsible for the formation and degradation of autophagosomes (LC3 II, Beclin1, and p62) in the colon.