For example, fibroblasts, isolated from skin biopsies of one female patient with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (ARAS) homozygous for the COL4A3 mutation and two male patients with X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) hemizygous for the COL4A5 mutation, were induced into iPSCs by nucleofection, which provided a very useful resource for studying the pathological mechanism and treatment of Alport syndrome [24, 26]. Here, COL4A3 is linked to Alport syndrome.