INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Other studies suggest that PFAS exposure is associated with hyperglycemia, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increased blood insulin (Lin et al., 2009), may lead to immunotoxicity (Borg et al., 2013), and modulates neonatal serum phospholipids associated with increased risk of T1D (McGlinchey et al., 2020).