To confirm our flow cytometry results, we measured the serum levels of cytokines, such as IL-17A, IL-10, and TNF-α (Fig 3F–3H), as well as the mRNA and protein expression of Th17/Treg-associated genes such as RORγt and Foxp3, in T1DM rats (Fig 3I–3M). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.