In a tri-culture model of all three cell types, HIV infection of microglia led to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-1α, TNF-α) (17), similar to what has been observed in postmortem tissue from HIV encephalitis cases that showed elevated IL-1β in infected microglia (161, 162). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is HIV infectious disease.