ISG15 and brain ischemia: reported that ISG15 positively correlated with the degree of neuronal damage in an animal model of ALS with no obvious signs of inflammation, a model of cerebral ischemia, a model of brain injury induced by cortical shocks, and a mouse model of chronic neuronal damage induced by the viral protein HIV gp120, with high and significantly elevated ISG15 levels in areas of neuronal damage (54).