Another cellular assay found that the non-selective AR antagonist caffeine and its analog CGS 15943 inhibited human HCC cell growth and the proliferation of four HCC cell lines (HLF and SK-Hep-1 cell lines, HepG2 and PLC-PRF-5 cells) by targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway; however, CGS 15943 only slightly induced apoptosis in these cell lines, suggesting that caffeine has a chemopreventive effect against HCC (Edling et al., 2014). Here, AKT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.