TNF and preeclampsia: Women who developed preeclampsia had increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in their cerebral spinal fluid compared to women who had normotensive pregnancies; furthermore, women with eclampsia showed elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in their cerebral spinal fluid (Bergman et al., 2021).