OSM and invasive ductal breast carcinoma: Furthermore, Oncostatin M (OSM), a proinflammatory cytokine, was demonstrated to induce the expression of lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) that catalyzed ECM transformation by crosslinking collagen I. The overexpressed OSM and LOXL2 had an evident correlation with a worse prognosis in patients with breast invasive ductal carcinoma [85].