Additionally, under the sustained stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, MSCs converted into CAFs, and importantly, these CAFs release diverse factors to stimulate CCR2, CCR5, CXCR1/2 and Ras-activating receptors existing in cancer cell surfaces, thereby enhancing cancer cell dispersion and metastasis [243]. This evidence concerns the gene CCR5 and cancer.