Additionally, under the sustained stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, MSCs converted into CAFs, and importantly, these CAFs release diverse factors to stimulate CCR2, CCR5, CXCR1/2 and Ras-activating receptors existing in cancer cell surfaces, thereby enhancing cancer cell dispersion and metastasis [243]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cancer.